Earth Day and the March for Science are coming up. The mood of both is somber, a bit defensive. From the Earth Day website:
Earth Day 2017’s Campaign is Environmental & Climate Literacy. Education is the foundation for progress. We need to build a global citizenry fluent in the concepts of climate change and aware of its unprecedented threat to our planet. We need to empower everyone with the knowledge to inspire action in defense of [Emphasis added] environmental protection.
Meanwhile, we read[1]: The March for Science is the first step of a global movement to defend [Emphasis added] the vital role science plays in our health, safety, economies, and governments…Science, scientists, and evidence-based policymaking are under attack. [Emphasis added] Budget cuts, censorship of researchers, disappearing datasets, and threats to dismantle government agencies harm us all, putting our health, food, air, water, climate, and jobs at risk. It is time for people who support science to take a public stand and be counted.
This defensiveness might well be unnecessary – and even if justified or provoked in some sense, will likely hurt us.
As scientists, we ought to be interested in the science of defensiveness. [Yes, that is a thing.] Here is a taste of what that science has to teach us [selected on a wholly unscientific basis – I’m providing excerpts from the first link I clicked on after googling the term, which comes from a Randy Conley blog, Leading with Trust. If you want, you can readily find peer-reviewed material to this effect.] that gives the flavor, provides food for thought. The connection to put-upon-scientists-and environmentalists-beset-by-politicians-and-the-world ought to be obvious, but I’ve injected commentary (the un-italicized text) just in case.
Significantly, the blog post is entitled Defensiveness is Killing Your Relationships:
Your defensiveness is killing your relationships and you don’t even realize it.
What? Me being defensive? I’m not defensive! YOU’RE the one that’s always defensive!
That’s a classic defensive response to a piece of feedback. Throw up a wall, rebut the statement, and accuse the other person of the same complaint. The sad thing is many of us react defensively without even thinking about it. In her book, A Mind of Its Own: How Your Brain Distorts and Deceives, Cordelia Fine points out that we think other people’s bad behavior toward us is intentional, but we dismiss our own bad behavior as inadvertent, a mistake, or unavoidable due to circumstances out of our control. This allows us to feel morally superior to the other person while simultaneously protecting our ego from the possibility that we may actually be incompetent or acting like a jerk. [Whether self-identified scientists or political leaders, we can all recognize ourselves here.]
The Causes of Defensiveness
People react defensively because they anticipate or perceive a threat in their environment, not usually because they’re just wanting to be difficult. Unfortunately, defensive behavior creates a reciprocal cycle. One party acts defensively, which causes the other party to respond defensively, which in turn causes the first party to raise their defenses even higher, and so on and so on. [Emphasis added. This escalation is the key risk for all of us.] Defensive behavior can be a complex and murky issue. For many people, their behavioral patterns stem from emotional, mental, or personality issues/tendencies developed over the course of their lifetimes (feelings of abandonment, inferiority, low self-esteem, narcissism, etc.).
Beyond the mental and emotional factors, there are types of behaviors that cause people to respond defensively. Defensive communication expert Jack Gibbs outlines six behavioral categories that create defensive responses in people:
Dogmatism – Black and white, I’m right and you’re wrong, either/or, and other kinds of all or nothing thinking and communication cause people to react defensively.
Lack of accountability – Shifting blame, making excuses, and rationalizing behavior leads people to raise their defense levels.
Controlling/Manipulative – Using all sorts of behaviors to control or manipulate people will lead to defensive behavior. No one likes to feel like they are being used by someone else.
Guarded/Withholding Information – When people feel like they are being left in the dark or purposely excluded from having information they should know, they are threatened and will react defensively.
Superiority – Want someone to be defensive? Then act like you’re better than him/her, lord your power, knowledge, or position over them and see how they respond.
Critical – A constant focus on catching people doing something wrong, rather than right, creates a climate of defensiveness. [Full disclosure? I’m personally guilty of all this. My guess, whether scientist or political leader, so are we all. If we’re honest with ourselves, we might recognize some of these tendencies, maybe even feel a twinge of guilt.]
How to Deal With Your and Other People’s Defensive Behavior
Dealing with defensive behavior can be complex and exhausting because it’s hard to separate a person from their behavior or the situation. And as mentioned earlier, some people’s defensiveness is so deeply rooted in their behavioral patterns that there is little realistic chance they will permanently change. However, there are some helpful strategies we can use to deal with our own defensiveness and that of others:
Re-frame the behavior – Rather than label a person’s defensive behavior as bad, understand it for what it is – defensive. Once you understand it as defensive, then you can explore why the person is feeling threatened and work to address the threat(s). One of the reasons we get so frustrated with defensive people is we try to deal with the behavior without addressing the threat that is causing the behavior.
Reduce the danger – Once you’ve identified the threat(s) causing the defensive behavior, work to reduce the perceived danger. Be moderate in your tone, even-tempered, empathize with their concerns, be respectful, and respond non-defensively to avoid escalating tensions.
Develop self-awareness and emotional intelligence – Self-awareness is the foundation of emotional intelligence. Through self-improvement, counseling, training, or mentoring, explore the causes of your defensive behavior. What are the triggers that make you feel threatened? Having a better understanding of yourself will not only help you regulate your own behavior, it will give you better insight into the behavior of others as well.
Replace negative feedback with questions or offers to help – If you have to regularly deal with someone who reacts defensively, you’ve probably noticed that the slightest bit of negative feedback sets them off. Try replacing the negative feedback with a question or an offer to help. For example, instead of saying “Sally, you made a mistake on this report,” rephrase it by saying “Sally, I’m not sure I understand this section on the report. Could you help me figure it out?” Remember, a person acts defensively because he/she perceives a threat. Try to make the situation non-threatening.
Move from dogmatism to openness – The less people feel boxed in to either/or, yes/no, right/wrong choices, the less threatening the situation. Of course there are times where things need to be done a specific way, but if you approach the situation with a spirit and attitude of openness rather than “my way or the highway,” you’ll get a more open response.
Treat people as equals – Approach other people in a collaborative manner, looking for ways to help them win in the situation. Take time to identify and recognize their needs, discover what’s important to them, and validate their concerns.
Defensiveness destroys relationships from the inside-out. It creates a climate of contention and tension that eventually leads to a loss of trust, alienation, and separation. The opposite of defensiveness, openness, creates an atmosphere of freedom, growth, respect and trust. Identifying the root of defensiveness in our relationships, and working toward addressing and removing those issues, will help improve the overall quality of our relationships and the productivity of our teams and organizations. [All this feels like really good advice.]
Somber? Defensive? Viewed in this light, whatever the provocation, however righteous the cause, those reactions are not helpful – either in our individual relationships or when it comes to the wholly artificially constructed and unnecessarily confrontational scientist-policymaker divide. Social science is clear on this. To March for Science or observe Earth Day in a defensive spirit serves only to harden positions and make much-needed reconciliation, trust, and collaboration more difficult.
What’s the alternative? To frame and participate in both Earth Day and the March for Science in ways that can clearly (and only) be seen as celebratory. Seems like a big challenge. And there’s not much time to get in such a frame of mind! The next post will point to some motivation and means.
[Spoiler alert] Easter is involved.
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[1] Failed the IQ test for linking to the March for Science website here; but google March for Science, click on the first link, and you’ll reach the text cited.
Thank you for this! I’ve been thinking the March for Science has been lacking key leadership in the context and framing of what the March is trying to accomplish. Like the Women’s March, there should be a strong positive message, not simply an “anti-” or defensive one. Science does not need to be defensive, after all, though emotionally it can be difficult these days not to come to its defense. I’m looking forward to your coming post!
Thank you, Joanne… and Easter blessings to you and Marc.
Most excellent, Bill! According to the Council on Environmental Quality, the environment has never been healthier. This should be cause for celebration.
“Big Science” is under attack in the US because the average citizen no longer trusts the technocrats and zealots who presume they have the high ground in making the world a better place. People trust what science can do but doubt whether scientists are doing enough on the things that matter. The best defense of science is pointing out all the positives we’ve accomplished. Unless we do that, the March will be seen as just another thinly disguised attempt by greedy hogs to get more governmental slop in their troughs.
Thank you, John!
=={ “Big Science” is under attack in the US because the average citizen no longer trusts the technocrats and zealots who presume they have the high ground in making the world a better place. }==
Although often taken as a matter of established fact, that is a questionable assertion, IMO. Your labeling of “technocrats and zealots” lacks specificity, but there isn’t a lot of evidence to support the contention of a widespread loss of trust that “scientists are doing enough on the things that matter” for the “average citizen.”
For example:
http://www.culturalcognition.net/blog/2014/11/25/conservatives-lose-faith-in-science-over-last-40-years-where.html
or
http://www.culturalcognition.net/blog/2017/2/28/only-in-the-liberal-republic-of-science-religious-individual.html
Bill –
What evidence do you use to theorize that dynamics in play at an individual level will play out in a similar way at the societal level?
Haven’t there been societal movements where actions that you might describe as “defensive” have taken place among “activists” even as society has moved in a parallel direction as their advocacy? Couldn’t we describe the civil rights movement as a defense of freedom? Do you think of boycotting buses or sitting at lunch counters or crossing the Pettis Bridge as “celebratory?”
I’m not exactly defending the tone that you are speaking to, and such a tone may not significantly alter the current dynamics in play related to the interface of science and public policy, but I would argue that it is a bit of a stretch to suggest that this march will meaningfully create[s]” a climate of contention and tension that eventually leads to a loss of trust, alienation, and separation. “ Questions related to trust, alienation and separation have already been in play for a while now.
Thanks, Joshua,
Very thoughtful/important question. Boycotting buses, sitting at lunch counters, crossing the Pettis bridge and much more certainly weren’t celebratory. They were acts of individual and group courage in the face of real evil.
Some questions for you: Was the civil rights movement a mere “defense” of freedom that African Americans already enjoyed? Or was it more a “demand” for freedom, equal rights, from individuals and groups that were denied that right simply because of their color? Weren’t those protestors in very real physical danger? Weren’t they in danger, and weren’t their futures horribly compromised by racism, whether they marched or not? Had they been able to find anything like real justice in the courts?
Are the scientists and their friends who’ll be marching this Saturday in physical danger? Forced to segregate based on their identification as scientists? Denied public education, good health care and equal opportunity because they (we) are scientists? Underpaid for the work we do?
For you, what are the similarities between African American’s plight — a struggle which still goes on today in all sorts of forms — versus the “plight” of scientists? What are the differences? As a scientist, how are you experiencing prejudice and threats to your work from society?
Is there a risk that as scientists (and our friends) march on Saturday that some if not the majority of people watching the coverage later in the day on television will see us as better off than they and/or ask “what do they have to complain about?” Is there a risk the demonstration will come off as anti-Republican, or anti-Trump versus pro-science? Will this then turn science from something everyone supports into a a subject that alienates roughly half the population? If so, will that deepen the very problems we’re attempting to resolve? Challenges to scientific freedom and integrity, threatened and real cutbacks to environmental programs, and more may seem very tangible to some of us (they remain matters of real concern), but are likely to remain almost invisible to many viewers.
You asked about evidence for “theorizing” that the dynamics in play at an individual level plays out in the same way at a societal level. “Theorize” would be giving this blog too much credit — first time anyone has accused me of that! :). As the Darwin quote on the website suggests, I offer what I freely admit are opinions, supported by a little evidence. 🙂 Maybe I should emphasize the word “little!” And I appreciate your “taking salutary pleasure in proving them wrong!”
But I wonder if you’ve read only this post in the blog, or whether you’ve taken the time to sample other posts, to get a truer sense of where thought process here. And I ask whether you might have googled expressions or phrases like “defensiveness among nations” or “defensiveness among groups?” To take steps like that is to uncover a vast sea of opinion and analysis (and some research, although social sciences are only marginally funded) from multiple perspectives. To wade in there is to get in a bit of a tangle. And I have a day job!
Thanks again for reaching out amidst all the competing claims for your attention, and hoping to hear more from you and others.
There is a flaw in your otherwise sage advice, Bill. For the zealot, emotion is not a means but an end.
So those who might benefit from this guidance are more likely to take it as a threat than as an opportunity. It’s not that reasonableness merely does not interest them — it offends them.